I have some familiarity with C++, and concepts like compiling and linking static and dynamic libraries, which is what I understand as collections of code that simplify doing certain things.

But then I get confused in certain cases, for example, why is OpenGL considered an API? Why is it necessary to use other libraries like GLAD, freeGLUT or GLFW to interface with OpenGL?

And then other languages have this thing called package managers, like pip, node, cargo, and vcpkg for c/c++, where you install these packages that get used like libraries? What’s the difference?

Finally the ones I understand the least of are frameworks. I keep hearing the concept of frameworks like Angular for js and a lot of stuff that’s too alien for me because I’m still unfamiliar with web development.

So for example, I’m using the raylib library for a small game project I have. I link the .lib or .dll file to my executable file so I know I’m unambiguously using a library. How come there’s also Cocos2dx which is a framework? What’s the distinction?

  • MagicShelEnglish
    141·
    13 hours ago

    An API is just a standard for using a thing. Normally, it’s part of a library. So you install an email library and there is an API for sending emails. But an API can be a standalone thing. There can be a standard for something, such as ORM (or apparently video drivers—not my area) but then there are libraries that implement the API differently. For example, Hibernate implements the JPA API. Now the individual libraries probably do have their own custom API, but if you want to be implementation-agnostic in your code you just code to the API and you can theoretically swap out implementations.

    Package as in package manager is about having a library that you need to use, which is built on other libraries, without you having to manage all of those dependencies yourself. You tell the package manager what you want and it handles the rest.

    Frameworks are built on top of the core language and perhaps a bunch of different components that all work together to create a purpose-build set of features that all work together. It transforms the language, at least within that specific domain. So for example, Spring by itself basically manages dependency injection and beans. But there are a bunch of things that can plug into that to add things like security or database access or web-session management so that you can do those things in a way that is compatible with what you’ve already learned.

    I can’t really speak to the specific domain you are looking at because I do web services, but conceptually that should all translate fairly well.

    I asked ChatGPT to see if it could improve my answer. It basically patted me on the head and ignored everything I said in favor of the following. To be fair, it at least addresses the specific domain you are looking at.

    An API (Application Programming Interface) is a specification that defines how software components interact. It is often part of a library, but it can also stand alone as a standard that multiple libraries implement. For example, OpenGL is an API that defines a standard interface for rendering graphics, but different implementations (e.g., Mesa, Nvidia’s drivers) follow that API. Libraries like GLAD, GLFW, and freeGLUT exist to help developers interface with OpenGL more easily.

    A library is a collection of prewritten code that provides specific functionality, which you integrate into your program. In C++, you link against .lib or .dll files, as you do with Raylib for game development.

    A package refers to a unit of distribution for code, usually managed by a package manager (e.g., pip for Python, cargo for Rust, vcpkg for C++). Packages often include libraries and their dependencies, making installation and dependency management easier.

    A framework is a more comprehensive structure that dictates how a program should be organized. It typically provides inversion of control, meaning your code fits into the framework’s lifecycle rather than calling functions from a library freely. For instance, Cocos2d-x (a game framework) provides not just rendering but also an entire architecture for handling game logic, assets, and input—unlike Raylib, which is just a graphics library.