The purpose of this post is to examine the history of genetic modification in the Federation, prior to ā€œStrange New Worldsā€. Iā€™ve tried to compile various references to genetic engineering, eugenics, cloning, and genetic resequencing within the Federation across all series, with quotes and additional context as needed. All examples are presented in real-world chronological order, to better examine how these ideas have evolved over the history of the franchise.


The first reference to eugenics I could find is in the Original Series episode, ā€œThe Conscience of the Kingā€. In that episode, they briefly described how Kodos was employing his own theories of eugenics when he enacted the massacre at Tarsus IV:

Spock: Kodos began to separate the colonists. Some would live, be rationed whatever food was left. The remainder would be immediately put to death. Apparently, he had his own theories of eugenics.

McCoy: Unfortunately, he wasnā€™t the first.

Spock: Perhaps not. But he was certainly among the most ruthless; to decide arbitrarily who would survive and who would not, using his own personal standards, and then to implement his decision without mercy. Children watching their parents die. Whole families destroyed. Over four thousand people. They died quickly, without pain, but they died. Relief arrived, but too late to prevent the executions.


The subject comes up again, of course, in ā€œSpace Seedā€, when Khan and his fellow prisoners are discovered:

McCoy: The Eugenics Wars.

Spock: Of course. Your attempt to improve the race through selective breeding.

A later statement from Kirk affirms the root cause of the Eugenics Wars:

Kirk: An improved breed of human. Thatā€™s what the Eugenics War was all about.

Spock is the first to suggest that there was a fatal flaw in the engineering process:

Pock: In 1993, a group of these young supermen did seize power simultaneously in over forty nations.

Kirk: Well, they were hardly supermen. They were aggressive, arrogant. They began to battle among themselves.

Spock: Because the scientists overlooked one fact. Superior ability breeds superior ambition.

Kirk: Interesting, if true. They created a group of Alexanders, Napoleons.

Khan himself has some thoughts on his own abilities relative to the rest of humanity:

Khan: Captain, although your abilities intrigue me, you are quite honestly inferior. Mentally, physically. In fact, I am surprised how little improvement there has been in human evolution. Oh, there has been technical advancement, but, how little man himself has changed.


Little is said about genetic engineering for quite some time, until we get to The Next Generationā€™s ā€œUnnatural Selectionā€. This one appears to be a bit of an outlier, given what we later learn about genetic enhancement, but it may be possible to reconcile it. When the Enterprise crew first meet Dr. Kingsley of the Darwin Genetic Research Station, she makes the nature of her research seem as innocuous as possible:

Kingsley: Our research here is limited to human genetics. I can assure you weā€™re not dealing with something that got away from us. We believe that we were infected by a supply ship that was here three days ago.

Later, she acknowledges that the children aboard the station are genetically enhanced, with an interesting caveat:

Kingsley: Our ultimate achievement. The oldest is twelve, and all are telekinetic. Watch.

Pulaski: Genetically engineered?

Kingsley: Not engineered, created. Perfect in every way. Their body structure, their musculature, their minds.

I find it very interesting that Kingsley draws this line between ā€œengineeringā€ and ā€œcreationā€ - this distinction seems to hold some relevance to her, but itā€™s not explored in the episode itself. Could Federation law draw a distinction between genetic modification of living individuals and cloning?

This episode also gives us an example of a genetic medical treatment of sorts, when the transporters are modified to filter out the genetic changes Pulaski endured when she transported over to the Darwin station.


Another Next Generation episode, ā€œUp the Long Ladderā€, reveals some attitudes about cloning, specifically:

Riker: You want to clone us?

Granger: Yes.

Riker: No way, not me.

Granger: How can you possibly be harmed?>

Riker: Itā€™s not a question of harm. One William Riker is unique, perhaps even special. But a hundred of him, a thousand of him diminishes me in ways I canā€™t even imagine.

Notably, when Riker and Pulaski are cloned without their knowledge or consent, Riker destroys the clones outright while they are still developing.

The episode also mentions ā€œreplicative fading,ā€ a process by which errors creep into the chromosomes of clones across successive generations, until the clones are no longer viable.


In Deep Space Nineā€™s ā€œA Man Aloneā€, Odo arrests Ibudan for murdering his own clone in an attempt to frame Odo for murder:

Odo: Killing your own clone is still murder.

Notably, Odo is likely referring to Bajoran law, not Federation law, in this case.


The Next Generationā€™s ā€œBloodlinesā€ contains an early reference to DNA resequencing, a term which will be used more frequently going forward. It is also another example of flawed genetic manipulation:

Picard: You know as well as I do, Bok, heā€™s not my son. I know what youā€™ve done. Miranda Vigo is his mother but I am not his father. You made it appear so because you resequenced his DNA. But your technique was flawed. He developed a neurological disorder. When my shipā€™s Doctor investigated it, she discovered what you had done.

Later, Jason Vigo notes that he is responding well to an unspecified treatment provided by Doctor Crusher, and that the damage caused by the DNA resequencing may be completely reversed.


Federation law regarding genetic enhancements starts to come into focus in Deep Space Nineā€™s ā€œDoctor Bashir, I Presumeā€:

Oā€™Brien: Youā€™re not a fraud. I donā€™t care what enhancements your parents may have had done. Genetic recoding canā€™t give you ambition, or a personality, or compassion or any of the things that make a person truly human.

Bashir: Starfleet Medical wonā€™t see it that way. DNA resequencing for any reason other than repairing serious birth defects is illegal. Any genetically enhanced human being is barred from serving in Starfleet or practising medicine.

Later, Rear Admiral Bennett makes the case for these laws, echoing the sentiments of Spock in ā€œSpace Seedā€:

Bennett: Two hundred years ago we tried to improve the species through DNA resequencing, and what did we get for our trouble? The Eugenics Wars. For every Julian Bashir that can be created, thereā€™s a Khan Singh waiting in the wings. A superhuman whose ambition and thirst for power have been enhanced along with his intellect. The law against genetic engineering provides a firewall against such men and itā€™s my job to keep that firewall intact.

Itā€™s interesting that ambition is something specifically cited by Oā€™Brien that cannot be influenced by genetic resequencing, while Bennett says that it can.


In Voyagerā€™s ā€œThe Ravenā€, the EMH uses genetic resequencing to neutralize Seven of Nineā€™s nanoprobes. Borg nanoprobes are obviously not a birth defect, so it appears that other medical uses of resequencing are considered ethical and legal.

Continued in the commentsā€¦

  • Value Subtracted@startrek.websiteOP
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    1 year ago

    The conversations in ā€œStatistical Probabilitiesā€ definitely suggest the restrictions extend beyond Starfleet and medicine.

    Itā€™s also likely that the stigma attached to being augmented could prevent someone from being hired into certain positions, even if there are no formal rules against it.

    • majicwalrus@startrek.website
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      1 year ago

      I want to push back on the conversation between Jack and Bashir in ā€œStatistical Probabilitiesā€ a little bit given additional context from Strange New Worlds ā€œAd Astra per Aspera.ā€ I donā€™t think itā€™s fair to say that all augments are treated the same way. Itā€™s unlikely I think, that even if Bashir were to have not lied to get into Starfleet he would have been prevented either by law or by policy of doing anything even remotely scientific - including medicine or other gene research.

      However, I donā€™t think we can take Jack at his word that he would have been institutionalized in the same manner. If we believe that the genetically modified people we see from the Institute in Deep Space Nine werenā€™t driven mad by their perceived incarceration then we have to believe that side effects of the genetic modification process caused unexpected neurological abnormalities and personality disorders that we see typified by that group.

      Dal, for instance, in Prodigy does not fear institutionalization in the Federation, but rather he fears he wonā€™t be let into Starfleet. Presumably he may also be precluded from other career choices that heā€™s just not interested in, but I donā€™t think itā€™s fair to say that being an augment is criminal as much as it is laws have created a system whereby modified people, especially modified humans, are treated as second class citizens. This might even extend to people who have DNA sequencing done for legitimate medical reasons like Chakotay. I like to imagine Chakotay and Una and Bashir having similar experiences even though their circumstances were unique. The human willingness to look past reason and into bigotry doesnā€™t go away, but itā€™s focused on the genetically modified.

      And it takes decades, centuries even, for the laws to change even a little bit and even longer for the people to accept those changes.

      • Value Subtracted@startrek.websiteOP
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        1 year ago

        Itā€™s unlikely I think, that even if Bashir were to have not lied to get into Starfleet he would have been prevented either by law or by policy of doing anything even remotely scientific - including medicine or other gene research.

        Well, that specific bit comes from ā€œDoctor Bashir, I Presume,ā€ not ā€œStatistical Probabilities,ā€ and heā€™s talking to Oā€™Brien, so I think we can assume heā€™s not exaggeratingā€¦however, Oā€™Brienā€™s response is interesting when you take Strange New Worlds into consideration:

        Bashir: Starfleet Medical wonā€™t see it that way. DNA resequencing for any reason other than repairing serious birth defects is illegal. Any genetically enhanced human being is barred from serving in Starfleet or practising medicine.

        Oā€™Brien: I donā€™t [think] thereā€™s been a case dealing with any of this in a hundred years. You canā€™t be sure how theyā€™ll react.

        So Bashir could be right, in that heā€™s interpreting the laws as written, but you could also be right, in that itā€™s possible no case has gone before the courts in quite some time, perhaps even since Unaā€™s.

        • majicwalrus@startrek.website
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          1 year ago

          Whoa! Good catch. That timeline almost lines up exactly and itā€™s very possible that Oā€™Brien was referring to Una. It could also be that Oā€™Brien is indicating that sentiments have maybe changed somewhat in 100 years, something that we are lead to expect from SNW. And indeed Bashir is allowed to stay in Starfleet without even having to find a technical loophole and Richardā€™s punishment is considered harsh at 2 years. Given the future utopia that weā€™re dealing with and the historical significance of the crime I think what weā€™re seeing is that no one really does this anymore and so itā€™s not really an issue.

          I really hate that Prodigy was unrewened because a courtroom episode of Prodigy where Dal gets the right to serve in Starfleet and the Starfleet ban on genetic augments is lifted would be a pretty cool.