I am a climate scientist and geologist and think that climate, geology, and geography are incredibly interesting fields that people deserve to know more about. If you have any questions that you’ve sat with for a while, are just curious, want to know more about future or past scenarios, or even have worldbuilding questions, feel free to ask!
This is a cool question!
Firstly, not all batteries are rechargeable, as we all know. Single charge batteries use a one-time chemical reaction that physically changes the internal structure of whatever is in the battery to produce electricity via chemical reaction. Rechargeable ones work in such a way because the chemical reaction that occurs within the battery that is reversible. Basically, the electrochemicals within the battery store potential energy, but are locked into their energy storing state by electrons simply having nowhere to go. When you connect the battery to something you’d like to power, it allows the chemical reaction to begin, which releases electrons thus allowing them to flow to whatever it is you are providing power to. Once the internal chemical reaction has completed, the battery no longer has power. To recharge it, you must reset the chemical reaction, and this is done by sending electrons back into the battery. The electrons find their way back in almost perfectly, which is why rechargeable batteries have longer lives cumulatively than single use batteries, but rechargeable batteries slowly lose efficiency over time.
Thank you