I see a temperature map of the sea around Italy reaching above 30 C today. Obviously the sea water hasn’t this cozy temperature deep beneath the surface yet, maybe in a few decades, so where is the measurement taken depth wise?
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Satellites with infrared cameras.
In general, measurements like that of ocean temperature are sea surface temperature. However, the ocean mixed layer (can vary between 10-100 metres) can be typically uniform in temperature and salinity
In addition to the satellites, we also have many buoys and monitoring stations
