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I wonder how hard Tagalog is to learn from a grammatical perspective. I mean, if you think about it, our monosyllabic particles alone are very diverse in functions (“ba”, “pa”, “nga”, “sa”, “na”).
Like these particles alone can change the entire meaning of a sentence:
“Meron pa?” (surprised)
“Meron na?” (not surprised)
“Meron nga?” (don’t lie to me)
“Meron ba?” (legitimately inquiring)
“Meron sa?” (finding)
“Meron bang kalabasa sa palengke?”
“Meron na.”
“Kailan pa?”
“Kahapon pa.”
“Magkano ba?”
“PHP30.00 na.”
“Ang mahal na, ah.”
“Oo nga.”
I once downloaded and tried to read a reference grammar for Filipino (Tagalog, as it’s indicated in the document). It was an interesting experience trying to make sense of that document with zero linguistics knowledge and only guessing using what I “innately know” of the language.
As far as “one particle changing the meaning of the entire sentence” I think a close analog would be the Japanese か／かな／ね used at the end of a sentence.
For example:
What’s interesting is that I’m actually currently learning Japanese (actually, I have just started - currently finishing Wanikani G1 and JLPT N5) and, while resting from a kanji test, I decided to look at our language from a language learner’s perspective. And I found it pretty hard HAHAHAHA. Like hell, how would I know if the “pa” in “hindi pa” means “yet” and not “more” (as in “isa pa”) or “still” (as in “papunta pa lang”).
フィリフィン人は面白い。
“Meron nga pa ba sana.”
I think what you mean is “meron pa nga ba? Sana”?
Isa pa yan. We take it for granted, but we mash these monosyllabic particles together and somehow change what the sentence means.
“Meron pa” has certainty. “Meron pa nga” has insistence. “Meron pa nga ba?” questions the insistent certainty of the previous particles.
It’s fun and at the same time confusing to think about HAHAHA
Also include daw and din
“raw” at “daw”